The IoT is a perception, which has the aim to make human and physical object environments as part of the connection over the internet to each other (King et al., 2016). User can monitor, analyze, and automate any-thing and get the information quickly with the help of IoT. There is a wide range of the IoT devices, smart-phones, tablets, laptops, personal computers, digital cameras, sensors, and so on. The devices connected to another device could bring smart processes and ser-vices to support all of the aspects in the basic needs, environments, systems, etc. Additionally, the imple-mentation of IoT is suitable for optimizing the usage of technologies with smart items and smart environments, which have a role in the development and interaction of machine-to-machine and machine to environment (Sizan et al., 2021, Kabir et al., 2020). 

A home is a part of an environment. A home auto-mation system based-on IoT is a system that employs an electronics device, such as the personal computers (PC), gadgets and cellphone devices to control basic functions. 

Further, some features of such home can be controlled automatically through internet anywhere, everywhere, and anytime. This system is usually called as a HASS. The HASS is meant to reduce the utilization of reso-urces and human activities on its operation, making it is suitable for client to operate systems from anywhere all over the world through internet access. The IoT devices are applied in the integration of several tech-nologies for communication and performing some actions. The safety from unauthorized access through electrical alarm device and lighting control, ensure the security of house through automated door locks, moni-toring the critical area through closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, increase suitability through tempera-ture adjustment systems, save valuable time and money through modern automated home aid technolo-gies are most common benefits of home automation systems. The ultimate objective of this paper is to pre-sent the design of a low-cost home automation system by using Arduino UNO R3 and Android as well as the front-end is implemented with JAVA framework. All of the tools and applications are open-source plat-forms, so the developers can develop more applica-tions or projects. The boundaries of this project pro-posal are how to switch lamps on or off, and how to open and close doors by applying servo motors. Home automation system and Security System, named as HASS, and could be accessed through either local network or internet. The system had been implemented and tested on a house prototype. In addition, users can easily manage and control the home automation sys-tem by using their familiar different devices including android mobiles, laptops and personal computers, tab-lets, voice or video supporters, and digital watches. 

Review of Literature 

There are several works related to IoT based home automation and security system available in the literature. Recently, IoT is highly required to design a smart home. Smart home automation is a collection of electronic devices connected to monitor and control in the market home appliance remotely. In their work (Alani et al., 2021), it was shown that the IoT based home automation is applicable to monitor and control home appliances remotely. An architecture to reduce the cost of inventing a smart door sensor that will auto-matically inform a user of door open events in a house or office environment through an Android application (Hoque et al., 2019). The architecture of this work was implemented by using an Arduino-compatible Elegoo Mega 2560 microcontroller board as well as a Rasp-berry Pi 2 board for collaborating with a web server application that implements a restful Application Pro-gramming Interface (API). A number of academic researchers have been proposed several home auto-mation systems involved with IoT in the literature in the last decade. A study was carried out by (Puri et al., 2016; Asadullah et al., 2017 and Anandhavalli et al., 2015) for Bluetooth-based automation with low cost, fast, and easy to be installed was shown in their work but it is draw back to short distances. Patient moni-toring system was presented in (Fabi et al., 2017), the goal of this research to automate the medical instru-ments to receive clinical data for diagnosis purposes. In their work (Harper & R. Ed., 2014) was introduced a smart homes for the comfort, security, convenience and to provide energy efficiency to its occupants. Authors (Raju et al., 2019) described the overall notion of the IoT based sensing systems and monitoring sys-tems for implementing an automated home. Node MCU board has been used in proposed prototype along with Android OS smart phone is being remotely con-trolled by Internet. The most important equipment of this system is Node MCU and it can execute as a micro web server and it performances as an interface for the hardware modules. In modern days, most of the cases a smartphone having an android application and iOS operating system are used to supervise and control the appliances present in home automation system. Vari-ous types of communication methodologies such as GSM, IoT, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth have been suggested by (Sivapriyan et al., 2020). The author (Pujari et al., 2020) suggested a multifunctional, low-cost, and flexi-ble system for smart home monitoring and control. This work is implemented with the help of node-MCU ESP32 and internet connection is used to remotely control the device. The proposed system can send the collected sensor data to the firebase database and can accept commands from the server through automatic controlling system. The smart cell phone application based on android is considered to build connection with the firebase database and updating the stored data to regulate and observe the various home pieces of equipment. In their work (Erdogan S.Z., 2010) pro-posed smart appliances based on Bluetooth. The smart appliances are controlled by Bluetooth technology through Wi-Fi to efficiently monitor maximum energy consumption appliances. The researchers (Bhatta-charyya et al., 2020) had proposed a smart home auto-mation system based on IoT using an Arduino board with microcontroller and Short Message Service (SMS) application to do properly the system functions. Wi-Fi connectivity has been used to establish com-munication between the Arduino module and auto-mated home appliances. The authors (Pandey et al., 2021) recommended the system with the help of diffe-rent types of wireless communication techniques such as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. This will give access to users to remotely handle home appliances. The dis-tantly control system of home appliances is smoother, harmless, more suitable, less time consuming as well as energy saving. For such remotely controlled systems with simultaneous data transmissions, author proposed an effective wireless network and communication sys-tem (Ahmed, M. T., 2022). Moreover, the implemen-tation of an efficient security system with any kind of IoT based networks is very important. Authors sugge-sted a robust security mechanism with low complexity which may be useful for such IoT based home auto-mation system (Kabir, M. H., 2018). In their paper (Stolojescu-Crisan et al., 2021) represented a simple and common communication structure to interconnect sensors, actuators, and other data sources with the per-sistence of multiple home automations. The new archi-tecture is entitled qToggle which is functioned by leve-raging the power consumption flexibility and powerful API.

The researchers (K. Mandula et al., 2015) proposed a system that used to control the sensors data, like light, gas, motion, temperature and actuates a process depen-ding on requirement, such as turning on the lights when it getting dark. A system was designed by (Singh et al., 2017) that can perform different functions to be performed at home. Mobile and system communicate with each other by Wi-Fi. It is very easy to install req-uired application suitable for smart phone and com-municate with projected system from any well-matc-hed equipment. A smart home automation system that facilities with an interesting object of the motion sen-sor, fog computing, server and switch connection among things was showed by (Hossain et al., 2018). The designed smart home automation system has the ability to fulfill the requirements in customers home and give the controlling system to users those activities are ON/OF system of Fan, Light, Door, Webcam/CC-Camera, Window, and Fire-Alarm/Sprinkler. They (S.K. Vishwakarma et al., 2019) were designed an effi-cient smart home automation system that was used to access, control and monitor home appliances from any distance in the world. Smart home automation system connects to main internet supply connectivity unit. IP static address is depended for wireless connectivity.

Table 1: An overview of Home Automation Systems.

In this paper, at first we defined the Arduino UNO R3 pins. Now we declared of the defined pins was bundled in the library. Pin of HC-05 Bluetooth Module was set on pin D0 & D1,pin of living room fan & light was set on pin D3 & D4, pin of bed room fan & light was set on pinD5 & D6, pin of wash room light was set on pin D7, pin of kitchen room light was set on pin D8, pin of dining room fan & light was set on pin D9 & D10, pin of water pump was set on pin D11,pin of parking door was set on pin D12, and pin of security was set on pin D13. Additional, functions for the front door and par-king door were dedicated to pin D2 and D12 res-pectively. Pin of Keypad was set on pin A0, A1 & A2, pin of PIR1 was set on pin A3, pin of LDR was set on pin A4, and pin of IR Receiver was set on pin A5. Variables of keypad, PIR2, LDR and IR Receiver were configured into inputs. Arduino UNO R3 pins are de-fined for security system. Pin of Temperature was set on pin A0, pin of gas was set on pin A1, pin of Motion was set on pin A2, and pin of GSM module was set on pin D10 & D11. Variables of temperature, gas, motion, and GSM module were configured into inputs. Pin of temperature LED was set on pin D1, pin of servo motor was set on pin D2, pin of gas LED was set on pin D9, pin of motion LED was set on pin D12, pin of buzzer was set on pin D13, and pin of 16x2 LCD was set on pin D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 & D8. Variables of servo motor, temperature LED, gas LED, motion LED, buzzer, and LCD were configured into outputs.

Home Automation System Design

Nowadays utmost of the home automation way out is basically an android phone based. Home automation systems established on wireless have been used in dif-ferent technologies. A home automation prototype can be effortlessly implemented using arduino, WIFI (IE-EE 802.11b/g/n) or Bluetooth module with a PC or microcomputer. For instance, Bluetooth based auto-mation is low price, easy and quick to install but the coverage area of this system is very short compare with other module. Zigbee is one of other automation module which is a cordless mesh network standard that is designed to be cost saving and with low power con-sumption. But the most common disadvantages are low data transmission speed, bad network stability and maintenance cost is very high. WIFI technology is sui-table for home automation system and business net-work that can operate with local area network and in-ternet access for many new devices without cables and wiring. WIFI technology is the best than Zigbee, Blue-tooth and others technology. WIFI technology band-width is high up to 2 MHZ making common activities similar to checking email on a phone or tablet.

Features of Home Automation and Security System

The integrated features of home security system are digital doorbells, smart locks, high quality imaging cameras, LED lights, smoke alarms and others modern devices. The top security devices door bells and cam-eras are most common focusing points of security mec-hanism to meet the security system to prevent package theft. Most are prepared with package detection, high resolution video, two-way audio, motion sensing and live watch. Smart locks are useful not only for security but also user friendly to communicate with mobile phone via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. The cameras get the modern high quality imaging security camera concept and its integrate Wi-Fi connections that allow user to be watched and controlled remotely using a smart phone application. Smart lighting system combines the convenience and boosted security. These are Wi-Fi enabled LED light bulbs that can be remotely con-trolled from users mobile. A smoke detector with Wi-Fi connectivity is a device that can sense smoke to communicate and locate exactly where a fire is located which helps us to minimize damage.

Architecture of Proposed System

The main objectives of our offered system is easy to develop and to execute an cost effective & open source home automation system thats capable of the leading most of the home and sustain the house automation system. This system supports more flexibility, console capacity and safety. In this system is com-posed of two parts, including software and hardware part. The sensors are connected to Arduino Uno board and finally output can be seen in the smart phone camera. The predictable system contains a great elasticity to user through wireless network technology to com-municating various required modules to the server of home automation system. Wireless Local Area Net-work (WLAN) networking standard is used to create connection between various sensor devices and hard-ware modules. 

Fig. 1: Architecture of Proposed System. 

Hardware Requirement of Systems

Arduino UNO, Relays, DC motor, Fire Sensor, IR Sensor, PIR Sensor, Wi-Fi Module, Bluetooth Module, IoT Module, Magnetic Sensor, Accelerometer, Motor Driver IC, DC Power Supply, Arduino IDE, LCD, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) and Smart Phone Camera.

Arduino UNO Board

The Arduino UNO board expansion was emerged in Italy to construct low cost hardware, flexible, and easy -to-use programmable open-source microcontroller board for IoT based communicating design. This Ard-uino UNO connects to the personal computer with a standard USB cable and it an excellent choice for any IoT applications.

Fig. 2: Arduino UNO Board.

Wi-Fi Module

The ESP8266 arduino compatible Wi-Fi module is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. This Wi-Fi Module microchip has no more than 5mm length and can be powered with as low as 10 micro Amps throughout the sleep period. Wi-Fi module easy to use for IoT based project development.

Fig. 3: Wi-Fi Module.

Accelerometer Sensor

Accelerometers are devices that calculate acceleration, which is the rate of change of the velocity of an object. They calculate in meters per second squared (m/s2) or in G-forces (g). The values are represented by X, Y and Z coordinates. These values are used to control the rotation of motor. Accelerometers need to detect the position of the devices in laptops, mobile phone and process control system.

Fig. 4: Accelerometer Sensor.

Bluetooth Module

Energy Saving Bluetooth Module is a Wireless Per-sonal Area Network (WPAN) designed at smart dev-ices and IoT applications. These technologies planned in china and its bit rate is 1 M bit/s. Bluetooth Smart sensors can transmit data over the internet by Low-power IP (IPv6) and Bluetooth Smart Internet Gate-ways (GATT).

Fig. 5: Bluetooth Module.

Light Dependent Resistor

Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are often used in circuits where it is necessary to detect the presence or the level of light. In proposed system we have used LDR to manage automatic light control such that when there is bright ness light is automatically OFF or ON.

Fig. 6: Light Dependent Resistor or Sensor.

PIR Sensors

The Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors are needed for mot-ion detection that can be connected directly to one of the Arduino (or any microcontroller) digital pins. The most attractive features of PIR sensors are small in size, wide lens range, easy to interface, inexpensive, low-power, and easy to use.

Fig. 7: PIR Sensors.

IR Sensors

An infrared sensor either emits and/or detects infrared radiation with an electronic instrument to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion. Infrared radiation extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (nm) down to 1 mm. This range of wave lengths relates to a frequency range of approxi-mately 300 GHz up to430 THz.

Fig. 8: IR Sensors.

Relay Board

A relay is an electromagnetic switching device con-sisting of an armature which is moved by an electro-magnet to operate one or more switch contacts. Some striking benefits of relays are that its delivered ampli-fication and isolation, and straighter forward. It can be applied to control various appliances and equipment with large current relays that work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. It has a standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller.

Fig. 9: Relay Board.

Software Infrastructure of System

The open-source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Arduino Software makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on Processing and other open-source soft-ware. It runs on your computer, used to write and up-load computer code to the physical board. This infra-structure is made up of client software, server software and Database section. The client software is the and-roid and web interface by which users can control the smart home system through the internet by the use of Wi-Fi. The main task of the client software running on the server is to manage lighting, ventilation and secu-rity units placed in the home automation system. Users need a PC, tablet or mobile device with internet access in order to connect to the system. The control software is kept on the server by which all communications of the home automation system are provided. The server works in both directions. It records instructions recei-ved from the home automation to the database and sends recorded control instructions from stored data-base to the smart home via Arduino.

Android Interface of System

Android Interface is the part of Home Automation and Security System (HASS) that integrates with the user. Here, the user can perform all the operations of a home automation and security systems. Users can access all the rooms of the HASS, the temperature value of the house, the motion control in the house, gas and smoke control and door control units throughout the android interface. The android interface is consisted of three parts as user home screen, user control screen and the reporting screen. Login screen is the part on which user logs in with the user name and password.

Implementation of Proposed System

In this research work, we proposed a more user fri-endly automatic control system for home that could be accessed through internet or local area network. When the client is addressing a uniform resource locator (URL) of web server, the client will enter the system of home automation system, called as HASS. Before entering in the main page, it must enter an authentic-cation of username and password.

Fig. 10: Software Infrastructure of System.

Fig. 11: User Interface of System.

Therefore, an information is valid than the client might have access to the system. There are features, such as lamp and lock-door controls exist on the main page of HASS. When the client wants to control lamp at such rooms, the client could choose any rooms which that could be switched on or off. After getting the input from the client, the server computer would read the input and instruct to the microcontroller to switch the lamp on or off. The client could also pick a door-lock control using the same way as switching a lamp on or off.

Algorithm of Home Automation

Step 1: Begin

Step 2: At first checking and viewing the all con-nection and active signal.

Step 3: Check to which type RFID Card or Password System or Globally Controlling to show the display.

Step 4: More than five times the wrong signal will actually jump step the security system. Otherwise jump next step.

Step 5: Access approved.

Step 6: Verify to Bluetooth, mobile application, manual recognition, voice detection, text detection very- fication to jump next step, otherwise to jump Step 5.

Step 7: Verify to access the system.

Step 8: Main door open and automatic light off and Security System deactivate.

Step 9: Control system active to lighting system. Dra-wing Room, Dining Room, Bed Room, Wash Room, Kitchen Room than will turn automatically or man-ually on /off.

Step 10: Again control system active to air conditioner and fan. Living Room, Dining Room, Bed Room than will turn automatically or manually on/off.

Step 11: If the water tank is not filled with water than motor will turn on automatically.

Step 12: Finish.

Algorithm of Security System

Step 1: Begin

Step 2: Initialize Magnetic Contact, WIFI module, Bluetooth module, GSM module, LCD display, Key-pad, Sensor and Motor.

Step 3: If the magnetic switch is connected, the system will remain at waiting state for receiving a password; Step 4: Otherwise, the system will switched on the ala-rming signal and transmits SMS to the owners mobile.

Step 5: Receive a password of authentic user from keypad due to unlock the system.

Step 6: Verify the input pass word with the unlocking password which is mentioned in program. If the given password matched with the system password then the system will unlock. Otherwise, LCD display will show wrong password and the system will follow the similar procedure which is mentioned in step 4 for the false condition, and the system will jump to step 7.

Step 7: Receive a password from keypad due to lock the system. After opening the door, the system will remain at waiting state for receiving a number which is designated for locking the door.

Step 8: Verify the password with the locking password which is mentioned in program. If the input password is exactly equal to the system password for closing the door, the system will be locked and return to step 3. Otherwise, the system will operate at false mode and follow the similar procedure mentioning in step 5.

Step 9: Check the logic condition of enable pin. If it remains at low state, the system will sustain the mal-operation & remain at waiting state until it will obtain high logic condition. On the contrary, the system will start again from step 2 for the high logic condition of enable pin.

Step 10: Gas & Fire leakage pulse signal will send to the sensor, motor which will pressurize the door resul-ting the system will be unlocked &all elasticity off and the system will turn on the alarming signal and send SMS to the owners mobile.

Step 11: Unauthorized Person Detect signal will send to the sensor, motor which will pressurize the door resulting the system and the system will turn on the alarming signal and send SMS to the owners mobile.

Step 12: Finish.

The overall performance will show and discuss in this section. The client will enter into the system of home automation system called as HASS by addressing a uniform resource locator (URL) of web server. Before entering in the main page, it must enter an authentic-cation of username and password. Thus, if it is valid, the client might have access to the system. 

The main features of this offered system such as lamp and lock-door controls exist on the main page of HASS. When the client wants to control lamp at such rooms then the client could choose any rooms which that could be switched on or off. After getting the input from the client, the server computer would read the input and instruct to the microcontroller to switch the lamp on or off. The client could also pick a door-lock control using the same way as switching a lamp on or off. 

The work flow diagram of this research activity is pre-sented in Fig. 12. It shows that it has strictly followed the design, implementation, and testing process of a new system model. The flowchart of the home auto-mation system is shown in Fig. 13(a) and also security part shown in Fig. 13(b). The both Fig. shows the overall design of our proposed home automation and security model.

Fig. 12: Flow Diagram of Research Activities.

Fig. 13: Flow Diagram of Home Automation and Security system; (a) Automation Part, and (b) Security Part.

This work has presented the prototype design, imple-mentation as well as checks the performance of smart home control system. At first, it provides a wide-rang-ing literature review on HASS elements, carrier mode, wired and wireless protocols, application framework, and other related work. The hardware design and imp-lementation are presented at the next stage using the up-to-date Arduino Mega 2560, APC220 Wireless, Ethernet shield, three sensors, and other required com-ponents. The flowchart of the overall system operation was shown and discussed in the software design sec-tion. Lastly, the final prototype implementation and test field design process were talked over in more detail with a suitable figure or diagram. The system prototype uses various equipment those are six lamps, one window blind, one speed-controlled fan, and one security gate. The web service also develops and dem-onstrates to control remotely the proposed smart home by the client. The home appliances are successfully integrated with the smart home control system through relays. Further research includes the performance eva-luation of the developed prototype. It is clear that it has a large scope to develop and work with this project. Some desired task of client which would be added in future:

1) Add a camera and using image processing try to find out known and unknown face. If detect a known face by the system then it will able to send an SMS and email automatically with a picture and information about this face which is store previously in database.

2) Due to this, IoT has also expanded its area of app-lication in various sectors, for example in health-care, automotive, and agriculture industries.

This research work is partly supported by Bangamata Sheikh Fojilatunnesa Mujib Science and Technology University, Bangladesh.

The research is equally contributed by all authors and there is no conflict of interest among authors.