Kunari cattle, a local breed found primarily in the eastern regions of Afghanistan, especially Kunar province, are renowned for their resilience in challenging environments. These cattle play a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of rural communities, offering essential resources like milk, meat, and labour for farming activities. The breeds external anatomy, characterized by short, sturdy legs and a thick coat, is well-adapted to the mountainous terrain and cold climate of the region, enabling them to thrive in conditions where other breeds may struggle (Azizullah et al., 2015). Additionally, Kunari cattle hold significant economic value for traditional agricultural systems, being vital for milk and meat production, as well as for use as draft animals in farming and transportation (Kasaija, P. D, 2021; Hayle et al., 2020).

In Afghanistan, particularly in Kunar province, animal rearing is primarily carried out by small-scale farmers and landless laborers, typically owning between 2 and 4 animals per household. These households often have limited land resources, ranging from 1.5 to 2 acres on average. Throughout the country, it is common for farmers, even those with the smallest landholdings or facing economic difficulties, to own at least one cow to fulfill their basic dairy needs. Practices related to cattle management vary across regions. In the eastern provinces, such as Nangarhar, and extending to the southern province of Kandahar, milking cows are often housed in communal facilities. However, many cows are kept without access to grazing areas (Zafar, 2003).

While Kunari cattle are known for their hardiness, limited research has been conducted to comprehensively assess their external anatomy and its implications on their overall health and productivity. Proper understanding of their physical characteristics can help inform better management and breeding practices. Given their economic and cultural importance, it is essential to examine the external anatomical and morphology features of Kunari cattle to enhance livestock development in Afghanistan and address potential challenges related to their productivity and well-being (Leda et al., 2019). This study aims to investigate the external anatomy and morphology of Kunari cattle, focusing on their economic characteristics, to provide valuable insights for farmers and veterinarians. Through this research, the breeds potential for sustainable livestock practices can be better understood, contributing to improved productivity and livestock health in rural Afghan communities.

This descriptive study was conducted between June 2023 and December 2023, focusing on the external anatomy, morphology, vital signs, and economic characteristics of Kunari cattle in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. A total of 200 female cattle were sampled from 8 districts and 19 villages within the province. The cattle were categorized by age, with 122 cows over two years old and 78 under two years old. A stratified sampling technique was used, with districts and villages selected based on a convenience sampling strategy. The sample size was determined using the Roasoft online sample calculator, ensuring appropriate representation across the study area (Khan et al., 2020).

Data were collected through a combination of surveys and direct observation. Morphological measurements were taken using rulers and flexible tapes (Butterfly Brand) for recording body lengths and other anatomical features in centimeters. A special tape (AECO AS-9) was used to measure live weight, recorded in kilograms. During the anatomical examination, vital signs - including temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate-were measured using a thermometer and a stethoscope (Malik et al., 2005).