Organ condemnation is appropriate to condemn carcasses with widespread illnesses or disorders such as malignancies that have changed the meat's natural qualities to the point that it is unfit for human consumption. Therefore, contamination that happens right before, during and after slaughter is held responsible for the presence of bacteria on post-slaughter carcasses. The animal itself, the tools and equipment used during slaughter, the workers and the state of the abattoir environment are the main sources of contamination (Danovitch et al., (2013). The condemnation of organs and carcasses in ruminants is a significant concern in the meat industry, particularly in regions like Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. Understanding the causes of such condemnations and their economic implications is crucial for improving livestock health and optimizing financial outcomes for butchers and abattoirs (Berbersa et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2020). 

Infectious disorders, parasite infestations and generalizeailments are the main reasons why ruminants condemn their organs and carcasses. Tuberculosis is one of the common infectious diseases that result in condemnation. A major reason for carcass condemnation because of the potential for zoonotic disease and the consequences for public health (Fallah et al., (2010). A case of pneumonia frequently leads to offal's, especially lungs, being rejected.  Jaundice has an impact on liver health and may result in total carcass rejection. Additionally common are parasitic illnesses, such as fasciolosis. This disorder, which is caused by liver flukes, often results in liver condemnation. Specifically, hydatidosis is an infection caused by parasites that impact multiple organs, especially the liver and lungs. In addition, necrosis, abscesses, and widespread anomalies like incorrect pH levels or unfamiliar odors in carcasses are factors that lead to condemnation (García-Díez et al., 2023). Both in terms of public health and financial loss, the condemnation of organs and carcasses presents serious difficulties in the context of ruminant but-chery, especially in the vicinity of Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. To increase meat safety and lessen the financial toll on butchers and the meat business, it is essential to comprehend the reasons behind these condemnations (Barre et al., 2025). 

In 2015, there was a study conducted condemnations of organs and carcasses might result in significant financial losses. For example, research from different areas has shown that these condemnations have directly resulted in financial losses. Approximately USD 245,483, or 0.17% of the entire yearly revenue from slaughtered animals was the anticipated total economic loss from organ and carcass condemnations over six months according to a survey done in Turkey. Similarly, research conducted in Egypt found that such condemnations resulted in a yearly financial loss of almost 15746 USD (Elmonir et al., (2015). In a study from Hawassa, Ethiopia showed that the annual economic loss due to organ condemnation was estimated at 624,915.72 ETB (approximately $15,843.89) based on the average slaughter of 17,160 cattle annually. The primary causes of condemnation included diseases such as fasciolosis and hydatidosis, which significantly impacted financial losses. Cattle study conducted in Brazil, the total economic losses from the condemnation of bovine carcasses were substantial. For instance, over three years (2016-2018), female bovines accounted for $155,721.77 in losses, while male bovines incurred $45,459.80 (Jemal, & Kebede, 2016; Hayle et al., 2020). 

There was also a study in Brazil that indicated that the total economic loss from organ and carcass condemnations over three years reached $155,721.77 for female bovines alone. The differences in financial loss were attributed to varying disease prevalence and the number of cattle slaughtered in different regions (Tembo and Nonga, 2015).  Therefore, there was another study in Northern Palestine; the total economic loss due to organ condemnation during a six-month study was reported at $16,356, with parasitic infestations being a major cause of these losses. The financial impact varied based on the type of organ condemned and the age of the animals (Tembo & Nonga, 2015). In Tanzania: The financial loss attributed to organ and carcass condemnations was calculated at around USD 11,870 annually based on data from a local abattoir. The study highlighted that factor such as market prices and condemnation rates directly influenced these economic losses similar study has been done in South Eastern Ethiopia (Yalew et al., 2016). 

A separate study highlighted that the leading causes of condemnation in cattle included tuberculosis and fasciolosis, contributing to a total loss of app-roximately $29,686 in South Sudan for a specific period. Both species showed that female animals had higher associated financial losses compared to males. For example, female bovines caused approximately 70.81% more losses than their male counterpart (Silva et al., 2023). 

Since bacterial and parasitic diseases affecting cattle are common in Malaysia, it is plausible to assume that similar trends exist there even if there may not be a lot of comprehensive local data. Economic ramifications go beyond short-term financial losses; they also include wider effects on public health and food security because of the possibility of zoonotic disease transmission (Sheferaw and Abdu, 2017). According to Savic I. 1972) no recent study has been done in Selangor, Malaysia abounds causes of organ condemnation in slaughter houses, and the recent one was reported in 1972. As this show more gaps this study will fill that gap and will focus the carcass condemnation in ruminants. In Malaysia specifically, while detailed local data may be sparse, it is reasonable to infer that similar trends exist given the prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diseases affecting livestock (Mohammed et al., 2018). 

The economic implications extend beyond immediate financial losses; they also encompass broader impacts on food security and public health due to potential zoonotic disease transmission (Jahed Khaniki & Raei, 2013). The costs associated with organ condemnation in ruminant's exhibit considerable regional variability influenced by health issues, economic factors, and local market dynamics. Addressing these disparities through improved veterinary care and monitoring can help mitigate financial losses across different regions (Pezeshki, et al., 2018). The condemnation of organs and carcasses in ruminants near Klang, Selangor is influenced by various infectious and parasitic diseases that lead to significant economic losses for butchers. Addressing these issues through improved monitoring systems, public health education for farmers, and effective veterinary interventions could mitigate both health risks and financial impacts on the meat industry (Ekhlas et al., 2014; Heliso, 2020). 

Based on the selected slaughter houses of the study examined animals were two (2) kinds' large ruminants (Cattle) and small ruminants (sheep and goat)). Therefore, three hundred and thirty-four (334) animals were examined in anti-mortem and post-mortem procedures to identify the major organs and carcass condemnation with the estimated causes of financial losses. Out of 334 samples, one hundred and Ninety-five (195) cattle were examined for antemortem abnormalities in the sequenced slaughter houses of Selangor Malaysia as shown in Table 1. 

However, the study also conducted separate ante-mortem examinations for sheep and goat species due to farms and slaughter house dates in the study area to identify the condemnation of the organ and pathological lesion similarly reported in Table 2. In cattle the most clinical signs for the antemortem examination recorded included depression, 29 (14.8%), anorexia 18 (9.2%), diarrhoea 33 (16.9%), pain 15(7.6%), constipation 21 (10.7%), coughing 19 (9.7%), lameness 13 (6.66%), nasal discharge 14 (7.1%), local swelling 16 (8.2%) and abnormal discharges 17 (8.7%). Therefore, the highest prevalence signs of the study recorded were depression, diarrhea, and constipation.

Table 1: Ante-mortem inspections on live animal of cattle and their Abnormalities before slaughter.

On the record of sheep and goat antemortem finds 139 ruminant animals were subjected and clinical signs reported from the anti-mortem examination included fever: A temperature of 40–42°C 21 (15.1%), rapid breathing, 17 (12.2 %), convulsions, 14 (10.0 %), recumbency13 (9.3 %), nostril dis-charge, 15 (10.7 %), abnormal color of the skin, 10 (7.1 %), abnormal odour 9 (6.4 %), color changes on eyes 8 (5.7 %), coughing, 11 (7.9 %), discharges from anus 9 (6.4 %), squinting and blinking, 7 (5.0 %) and convalescence or abortion 5 (3.5%).

During post-mortem inspection, different organs are thoroughly inspected and examined by looking at the organ visualization, palpation, (delete this comma) and incisions to find out the presence of causes of carcass condemnation and the common financial effects in both ruminants. Therefore, the study also recorded some post-mortem findings in table three (3) and four (4) throughout the number of affected ruminants and their percentage towards study samples both large and small separately to determine the actual cause of condemnation in both ruminants at the selected butchers in Selangor Malaysia. The most examined organs from cattle, sheep, and goats were the liver, lungs, kidney, spleen, heart, tongue and intestine.

Table 3: Inspection Check-up for post-mortem lesion to observe cause and carcass condemnation of slaughtered Ruminants.

Table 4: Post-mortem observation for small animals (sheep and goat) in the selected butchers and their observed gross lesions.

Table 5: The major causes of condemnation reported parasitic infections, bacterial diseases and other pathological conditions.

The major causes of condemnation reported in this study were parasitic infections, bacterial diseases, and other pathological conditions. Preceding the slaughter ruminant animals was imperiled to the routine ante-mortem and post-mortem examination to determine the causes of carcass contamination. 334 samples were analyzed for post-mortem follow-up in the slaughter houses. For parasitic) conditions Fasciolosis 41.1%, Hydatidosis 19.2%, Fasciola hepatica 11.1%, and Eimeria spp 5.7%. According to bacterial condition: tuberculosis 21.0%, nephritis 17.0%, abscesses 11.1%, emphysema 9.7% and pneumonia 5.5%. Other pathological conditions reported: cirrhosis 11.1%, calcification 9.2%, splenomegaly 7.2%, oedema 5.5%, congestion 5.3%, infraction 4.0%, hemorrhage 3.3%, necrosis 3.1% and pericarditis 2.1%.

Out of 334 slaughtered animals 175 cattle were subjected due to the gross abnormalities for post-mortem check-up from different organs likewise Liver 59 (33.5%) Lungs 26 (14.7%), Kidney 15 (8.2%) Spleen 13 (7.0%), Heart 11 (5.9%) Tongue 13 (7.3%), Oesophagus 11 (5.9%), Intestine 12 (6.6%) and Reproductive organs 15(8.2%). Similar study has been carried out in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia by Regassa, et.al. (2013). According to post-mortem check for small animals (Sheep and Goat) 159 samples were exposed gross abnormalities due to the carcass condemnation such as Liver 45 (27.9%) Lungs 31 (19.1%), Kidney 27 (16.5%), Spleen 2 1 (12.7%), Heart 19 (11.6%), and Intestine 16 (9.9%) respectively. There was no statistically significant different in the rate of rejection and estimation of financial losses of this study. However, the rate of cattle liver condemnation was higher than sheep and goat liver with medium condition and uses of the slaughter houses followed by the butcher's sanitation which was very poor rather than sheep and goat slaughter houses.  Also the rejection rate of Lungs, Kidney, and Spleen was higher than the small animal's rate. Therefore, the direct financial losses due to the condemning of the carcass were reported at 59,724.45 RM (13,328.23 USD).

This study found that bacterial infections, parasitic infections, (delete comma) and other pathological conditions were the main causes of condemnation that were recorded. For parasitic conditions. The Fasciolosis is 41.1%, Hydatidosis is 19.2%, Fasciola hepatica is 11.1%, and Eimeria spp. is 5.7% similarly reported by Ahmed, B. (2023). In Ethiopia and Ahmed, M. A., Bashir, B. M., & Ibrahim, A. S. (2024). Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. The second study was conducted in Somali parts of Ethiopia. The second leading of lesions and carcass condemnation of this study was for bacterial condition 21.0% tuberculosis. Abscesses 11.1%, emphysema 9.7%, pneumonia 5.5%, and nephritis 17.0%. comparable data has been collected from Teshome, & Tesfaye, (2019), at Abattoir Hawassa, Ethiopia, and Tadesse, & Usman, (2022) conducted from East Harare Zone, Ethiopia. Moreover, a similar study has been collected from Egypt with the author of El-Aziz, et.al. (2021) in a local abattoir in Cairo, Benham. The third most common cause of condemnation subjected to this study was pathological conditions and noted: pericarditis 2.1%, cirrhosis 11.1%, calcification 9.2%, splenomegaly 7.2%, edema 5.5%, congestion 5.3%, infraction 4.0%, hemorrhage 3.3%, and necrosis 3.1%. These findings were similar of Assefa, & Bihon (2019) and another study by Belina, & Melese,  (2017). Which reported similar prevalence and the same pathological lesions in cattle, sheep, and goat studies. This result was lower than the previous study shown by both Ayele et al., (2016) and Abdella, & Ayele, (2016) with the same prevalence of gross pathologies causing organs and carcass condemnation. 

Furthermore, the other pathological conditions were Fasciolosis, Hydatidosis, haemorrhages, congestion, hydro-nephrosis, oedema, abscesses, pericarditis, emaciation, calcified cysts, congenital cysts and emphysema which agrees with other studies done by Atawalna et al., (2016). Who reported hydatidosis and Fasciolosis were the main causes of organs and carcass condemnation with estimated fanatical losses of slaughtered cattle, sheep, (delete comma) and goats. There was statistically significant in the study (P>-0.05). According to this study, bacterial infections, parasitic infections and other pathological conditions were the main causes of condemnation the main gross pathological organs were the Liver, Kidney, Lungs, Heart, and similar Intestines. The total financial losses of this study due to the carcass and organ condemnation were calculated at 59, 724.45 RM (13,328.23 USD) per year which is extremes different report done by Borji  & Parandeh, (2010) and nearly done by Borji, et.al. (2012). consequently, the annual financial loss due to the rejection of the organs was calculated based on the current market prices of respective organs and carcass condemnation.

The condemnation of organs and carcasses in ruminants is a significant concern for the meat industry, impacting both animal health and economic viability. Preceding the slaughter ruminant animals was imperiled to the routine antemortem and post-mortem examination to determine the causes of carcass contamination. This summary explores the causes of such condemnations; particularly focusing on findings from studies conducted in Malaysia, and estimates the associated financial losses for ruminant butchers. The economic losses resulting from these condemnations underscore the need for improved animal health management practices and rigorous inspection protocols to mitigate financial impacts on butchers and the broader meat industry. Enhanced monitoring systems could help address these challenges effectively. This analysis draws on studies that highlight the primary causes of con-demnation and the associated financial impacts. The major causes of organ and carcass condemnation were parasitic conditions. Bacterial and other pathological factors, therefore, further study is recommended for Selangor Malaysia slaughter houses. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the negative effects of carcass condemnation on small and large ruminates in slaughter houses and the need for continued investigation and observation to lessen their effects on the productivity and health of livestock. It will take ongoing veterinary research to create management plans that effectively address these impacts on the financial loss of diseases in ruminants. Making animal owners aware of an animal husbandry management system and the importance of regularly implementing doormen and other animal health control procedures. This effect should be taken into account by policymakers as they develop counterintuitive financial loss pre-vention strategies. The nation's municipal slaughter houses should all undergo routine ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections.

The corresponding author and other authors de-signed and conducted the research work. Data were analysed and the manuscript was written. All the authors have read and approved the final manu-script.

The authors sincerely would like to thanks the Malaysian Government and Islamic Development Bank (IsDBs) for their facility to conduct the study. Salaam University and University of Putra Malaysia Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Study and Ruminant Medicine for provision of the laboratory and other facilities. I also extend my thanks to our family.

The authors have not declared any conflict of interest in this study.